P2- Describe the uses for digitalised animation in the media.

Animated films:

Claymation is a form of stop-motion animation where all the sets and figures were made out of clay. Although the term 'Claymation' wasn't trademarked until 1978 by Will Vinton, clay has been used in stop motion animation since the early 1900s. The first example of a claymation film was 'The Sculptor's Welsh Rarebit Dream', made in 1908 and was a combination of live action and claymation. Some of the first popular claymation films were the Wallace and Gromit shorts. The target audience for these shorts are children because of the humour and the themes of going against authority. However, Dr. Brian Clifford (professor of phycology) said that "Animation is more than a form of escapism. It reflects everyone's desire to be bold enough to turn against authority at some level... The idea that the films are for children is a myth - adults find a release in them.". Overall the comedic aspect of the animated films creates an escapism for all ages.

https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/how-wallace-and-gromit-conquered-the-world-316354.html
https://www.brighthub.com/multimedia/video/articles/59445.aspx

Children's television:

2D cartoons as a form of children's television is highly affective as the use of bright colours and slapstick humour is amusing to kids. 2D children's cartoons have been around  from the beginning of animation. A great example of this is the Looney Toons, produced by Warner Brothers.  Looney Toons, featuring characters including but not limited to: Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, Tweety, Sylvester, Granny, Yosemeite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Marvin the Martian, Pepé Le Pew, Speedy Gonzales, Tasmanian Devil, Road Runner, and Wile E. Coyote. The first Bugs Bunny cartoon was aired July 27 1940. The slapstick and unrealistically violent humour is the perfect comedy to amuse children who won't understand clever humour, as well as this the short length of the cartoons is the perfect length for children who have short attention spans.

Video Games:

3D animation in video games first started in the 1970s. One of the earliest 3D animated video games, is Battlezone. Battlezone was a first person shooter released in 1980, for the Nintendo 64. The 3D animation of Battlezone, the US army used it's technology to train tank gunners. The realistic nature of the animation made it more interesting and exciting for the gamers.

https://www.techradar.com/uk/news/gaming/the-evolution-of-3d-games-700995

P1- Explain the different techniques for animation.

Animation is a way of creating the illusion that inanimate objects are moving through playing pictures in succession; however there is more than one way to animate. One type of animation is cel animation. Cel animation was first used in 1914 and is created by each individual part of the frame being drawn on separate pieces of transparent paper and then aligned at the end of the process. The frames are then played in succession to give the illusion of movement. An example of this is Disney's Steamboat Willie (1928) 

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019422/mediaviewer/rm1339690752

Another type of animation is stop motion animation. Stop motion animation is when photos are taken of dolls or puppets and small movements are made between each photo. The photos are then played in quick succession to show the movement. An example of stop motion animation is the film ParaNorman. In the film ParaNorman, all the sets and people are created. There are different faces with different facial expressions for each character. These are interchangeable for what emotion the animator is wanting to convey.

https://www.wired.com/2013/02/paranorman-oscar-art/

http://collect3d.com/features/faces-paranorman/


Another type of animation is motion capture. Motion capture is a form of animation that transfers actor's movements into three-dimensional graphics by tracking position markers on the actors body. It is used in the military, medical facilities, sports and entertainment. An example of this is the film The Adventures of Tintin: The Secrets of the Unicorn. This is a fully animated film, filmed in motion capture. The director, Steven Spielberg, said in an interview " We felt it was necessary to make this picture using motion-capture technology because we wanted to honour Hergé" (Hergé being the original creator of Tintin).

https://news.avclub.com/for-only-700-you-too-can-own-look-silly-in-a-motion-c-1798285529

Another type of animation is live action animation, this is the combination of live action and traditional animation. This can be seen in films like Who Framed Roger Rabbit and Space Jam. These films were created by having the live action actors shoot all their scenes first, then each frame was turned into a photo that was drawn over by the animators. The animators drew and painted each cel of animation by hand over the picture.

https://www.spotern.com/fr/spot/movie/qui-veut-la-peau-de-roger-rabbit/77954/la-cravate-de-eddie-valiant-bob-hoskins-dans-qui-veut-la-peau-de-roger-rabbit

https://uproxx.com/movies/space-jam-michael-jordan-behind-the-scenes/

A different type of live action animation is rotoscoping. Rotoscoping is a form of animation where animators draw over motion picture footage frame by frame to give more realistic movement. This technique was used in Disney's Alice in Wonderland (1951) used this technique.

https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/Bodysuits-white